Archives juives n°54/2

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/ From a war to another: the German and French Jewish press in 1870-1871 and 1914-1918 by Heidi Knörzer

/ This contribution compares the discourses on the war of 1870-1871 and 1914-1918 in the Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums and Archives Israélites. In 1870-1871, the editors of these important Jewish newspapers declared their readiness to defend their homeland with arms, but they also expressed their opposition to this war and, faithful to the messianic tradition, placed themselves in a resolutely transnational perspective, anxious to transcend « national passions » and to promote exchange and dialogue between nations. This peaceful transnationalism and religious solidarity was replaced, in 1914-1918, by a powerful patriotism, especially on the French side. Refusing any solidarity with their German co-religionists, French journalists praised the « sacred union » and mobilized against the Germans. Moreover, traditional messianism was no longer reactivated for a rapprochement between nations but to defend the justness of the French cause. On the other hand, the picture that emerges in the German review is more complex. Ludwig Geiger, the director of the German journal at the time, seemed to be more critical of the war and also more sensitive to the fate of his French co-religionists.

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/ The fight against anti-Semitism at the source of the Jewish awakening and emancipation

/ “Waking up Jewish”. The formula used in 1936 by Bernard Lecache, founder of the International League against Anti-Semitism (LICA), to express a feeling of personal liberation linked to the struggle against the persecutors of the Jews, could at first be understood as the testimony of an assumed Jewishness. On closer examination, as proposed in this article, this fight for emancipation within the first French anti-racist organization lays the foundations for a universalist commitment in this area, refusing the very principle of identity-based assignment.

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/ Plunged into the turmoil of the Second World War: Officer Albert Gozlan and his family

/This article results from the exploitation of a documentary fund relating to a French officer of Jewish confession, taken prisoner after the defeat of 1940, then retained in a prison camp, in Austria first, in the oflag XVIIIA of Lienz, then in Germany in the Lübeck oflag XC. With the letters exchanged between the officer and the members of his family who remained in France, the reader is projected into the past, on the brink of World War II, plunged into the whirlwind that swept away the families and dispersed them across the european continent. The situation of French families of Jewish faith is emblematic of this turmoil.

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/ Kéren Kayameth LeIsrael in North Africa (1920-1962)

/ The purpose of this article is to study the history and evolution of the North-African branch of the Jewish National Fund, better known as Kéren Kayémeth LeIsraël (KKL), from the 1920s to the post-independence period (1962), while highlighting its geographic singularities. The KKL’s actions in Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria – fundraising, political propaganda, cultural activities, etc. – shed light, more broadly, on the complex relationship between North-African Jews and the Zionist ideology, and its evolution along the second half of the 20th century.

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/ From “Muscular Judaïsm” to the “Blue and White Baccalaureate”: Zionism at the Ecole Maïmonide

/This article traces the various ways in which Zionism has been interpreted and manifested itself in the context of the Lycée Maimonide, France’s first Jewish secondary school, from its founding in 1935 to the present day. Despite increasingly close ties to Israel, French Zionism has retained a diasporic dimension. This article draws on sources from institutional and private archives, the community press, and some fifty interviews with former students and teachers conducted between 2016 and 2020 in the Greater Paris area and in Israel.

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/ Comparing incomparables? Haitians and Moroccan Jews in France, 1960s-1980s

/Haitian and Jewish people appear essentially as two totally opposed ethnic groups. However, if it is true that, according certain objective criteria or features, such as culture, language, ethnicity or color, they are clearly different, it is also true that, according other characteristics, both subjective and objective, they have (or some of them) had converging migratory patterns, and experienced similar difficulties, which have put them both at comparable risks and treatments. Actually, this has been particularly true for those Haitian migrants and Moroccan Jewish migrants who have arrived in France during the second half of the 20th century. It is also clear that, in that kind of alignment, France has played a major role as a former colonial empire by having exerted a decisive influence on those populations who have, in return, attached great importance to French language and culture. In examining the migration of these populations into France, this article highlights some of those similarities that have united them, at least in epistemological terms.

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